Reasons Why You Might Hate Your Mother Coping Strategies Many people have yelled I hate you at their mom, often when theyre adolescents and are mad about not getting their way. The one thing they hate losing is their independence, but feeling like a burden is the thing they hate more. WebWHEN YOU TALK BAD ABOUT MY DAD AGAIN, REMEMBER YOU CALLED HIM OVER TO HELP YOU BECAUSE YOURE A SMALL LITTLE GIRL WHO CANT DO SHIT FOR YOURSELF!!! While I am trying to get caught up on something, he wants to go out and do something. 1, She is elderly, speaks 10% English, she doesnt hear well, I am disabled myself, she is not a citizen of this country. I wouldn't have yelled, but she complained about being too hot, so I went to turn the AC up, only to see she had switched over to heat. However, you do feel bad because you can see the sincerity in their eyes.. Don't think we should tell someone they are being abusive if they raise their voice at home to parent, this is a setup for a guilt trip big time, if they are in a hospital or home they are a patient and it is unprofessional to yell at a patient. She was diagnosed with LBD 7 months ago. Its wonderful to see that this article has resonated with so many people. The way to have power is to control and dominate. Like with emotional problems, your first line of defense in dealing with angry elderly parents who are prone to physical abuse is to open the lines of communication. And at the end of the day, my words will have meant nothing to her. Heres my list of what I call the Four Stages of Hating Caring for an Aging Parent: 1. Asked for help from family, hospice, Medicaid, Medicare, no one can really help. This is wrong on so many levels. We are a community committed to learning about and applying philosophical Stoic principles and techniques. I know this helper is dedicated and caring. IT HAPPENED TODAY!! She will tell me I never listen and how I needed to do it her way. The type that cannot be fixed. Waking up every 2 hours through the nite some nights. Thankfully for this 9-year-old patriot, her parents are more supportive of her speaking out against injustices. Im an only child, as is she, so family help is pretty limited. I think I was so much worse today than anybody in this family has ever been in their lives. Who do I go to when I find out that my elderly Mom was swindled by organized scammers? I have been diligently working to not make the same mistakes my parents did. If you notice some or all these arising in you, tell yourself, Im getting angry and I need to be careful about how I respond, take several slow, deep breaths before responding, and even take a time out (see below for more tips). He has a brother that knows what is going on but has not helped at all. WebI yelled at him to lay down, loudly, and its not something he is used to hearing, so he recoiled. We are to have 20% ruminating thoughts(bad thoughts) well mine is 90%. IT was a good distraction for her for a while and she was active in changing up some interior designs. Right now I just feel like damn, that was shitty of me. Everybody starts letting all these true feelings and emotions. WebThe Real Housewives of Atlanta The Bachelor Sister Wives 90 Day Fiance Wife Swap The Amazing Race Australia Married at First Sight The Real Housewives of Dallas My 600-lb Life Last Week Tonight with John Oliver The trick is not what you say necessarily, because I am sure you have said something like this in defense of your father to your Ma already. I didn't really yell, but I did speak harshly. You cant blame her because she has been in your business your entire life and now that you dont need her you just cant push her aside just like that! Everybody just starts yelling. He had beliefs such as . When I got home my husband was very upset because I left him. Yelling at your child happenswhat you do *after* is what counts, mama If we don't do anything about the guilt it can eat away at us. An Unresolved Fight 2. I have epilepsy. But it does get better (your approach, not the person) and when you break through that, you will feel better. Unfortunately, were unable to respond to specific questions here, but are so glad to see this article forming such a community forum. Im overwhelmed and not handling my mothers Alzheimers well at all. One of you may yell or say something truly awful out of frustration, but its an unusual occurrence and you work through it together. But from the minute I came across an article on the subject, I knew immediately my mother suffered from it. Its not that I no longer take care of him its I just feel my grandfather is gone and this shell of craziness is whats left. Next thing you know, I hear my sister break down crying. Im waiting now after getting a doctor referral to hear from a highly regarded memory center to get her there for a full exam and official diagnosis. How often do the relatives help? Like helping him to the bathroom. Make a list and be very specific, he says. Having a durable POA with my brother isn't working. WebYelling is not respectful, and if you yell at me, I will stop conversing with you; if you continue, I will excuse myself and leave. Back in the day, I wrote a letter to the dean of my school complaining about regulating how long boys' hair was allowed to be. We hope that some of these tips help you manage those feelings in a healthy way. 7. Power struggles Your manipulative elderly father or mother is used to being in control. You might talk the list over with a spouse or siblings. She always denies this behavior but my in house assistants always have to deal with it too. I will definitely keep it in mind. Shes a complete narcissist. My sickness has improved. I hate that I get angry at my husband. Or- the power of humility in conflict de-escalation & resolution There are a lot of experts happy to tell you how to live Speak up, stoically and confidently, know yourself, understand your virtue and understand that you are only in control of yourself. Another approach to assisting elderly parents who refuse help is to be direct about how it affects you. This is because she is one of the closest figures in your life and you need to be on one page with her. Key signs that you have manipulative elderly parents: 1. Ive grown to like her as a person less and less, to the point that Im repulsed by her. Instead of reacting defensively, our protagonist replies, Im sorry that I didnt know it was your mother. In this case, this could be a very good reason as to why you end up shouting at your mom because you guys disagree too much and have different understandings of how things should be or what one person should do in life. WHEN YOU TALK BAD ABOUT MY DAD AGAIN, REMEMBER YOU CALLED HIM OVER TO HELP YOU BECAUSE YOURE A SMALL LITTLE GIRL WHO CANT DO SHIT FOR YOURSELF!!! I wasnt with them, I was alone, isolated. I just need a few things to get you going. It is possible that you both exchanged unpleasant words but for the sake of getting along or going through daily tasks together you guys made up without any real apology or explaining that what you guys had said was not what you really meant! The last 2-3 its become more obvious and the past 6-9 months have been pure hell. My mom has Dementia, macular, add cancer, copd chf, a fib, diabetes, kidney disease, and severe stenosis and back pain and depression. The material of this web site is provided for informational purposes only. The more end-stage the loved one becomes, the more profoundly difficult their care will be. I also have signs up all over the house, which also makes me feel mean, but otherwise he forgets and then breaks things or does something really wierd, like taking my brand new measuring jug to wee in if someone is using the bathroom when he wants to go. This is a good opportunity to sit down and help your mother understand what it is you want in life and why it will give you the peace or happiness you need. One day when I returned, they were just coming back to their apartment and the little I feel terrible about getting angry with him. It is better to say unresolved feelings here because those are what get you upset or angry again at someone when even the smallest of triggers comes about! What should I do? Dont blame yourself, just realize how she is and make an effort not to pick up her narcissistic tendencies and traits. The nine-year-old girl killed in a seemingly random mass shooting screamed he shot me as the gunman broke into her home. I felt a mixture of regret, anxiety, blankness, pride, relief somehow all Seems like this is the first time in your life you went into an heated argument. Which one was going to walk into the kitchen in the morning? My dad yelled at me for speaking out and not just shutting up. Shes on lowdose antipsychotics at night which mostly get her to sleep through the night. But the other night, in the throws of an emotional stand off with my 3 year old, all my gentle parenting techniques I'd so diligently added to my toolbox failed. If you can remain calm with her - not just containing your frustrations, but letting them go so they don't control you - then you can handle anyone else in a calm manner. And if they dont, turn to people who willthere are organizations that have people who will visit, and there are day centers for seniors in almost every city that is state funded. I actually did it in front of my friends and her friends and asked her if she thinks shes Rosanne Fucking Barr?. Very patient and compassionate. They probably didnt mean it at the time and looking back they may even regret their rebellious behavior. Many family caregivers often neglect their own health when giving 24/7 care to a senior loved one. We all have our family storys but, anybody out there with a similar one? The Optimistminds editorial team is made up of psychologists, psychiatrists and mental health professionals. Asking for help is the very first step in managing your difficult role as caregiver! At Svalinn, a breeding and training company located on a sprawling ranch in Montana, founder Kim Green revealed that only four years ago, she was charging Tripped my switch and I said, "Well, if you don't know, just leave it alone then." For more than 40 years, older adults and their families have trusted Iona to address the challenges and opportunities of aging. It is important that parents realize that their children are separate, individual beings who have their own desires and pursuits in life and that they cannot reflect what it is their parents want. Thankfully for this 9-year-old patriot, her parents are more supportive of her speaking out against injustices. If the differences cannot be resolved it is better to be aware of them so both parties can be aware of and prepared to tackle whatever comes their way. If you are getting angry all the time, choose a facility. No, one thing that happens is when people seeing you do the job, they stay away so that they cant be roped in. However, she does have a quality of life she enjoys. I have been taking care of my elderly mil. What can I do? Walk away from it, and just shrug your shoulders like "Idk what you want from me, that's how I feel and that's how you feel, enough said". If you do, time to change to a facility, sell the house, and take a good portion for yourself. Beliefs. I finally got to a breaking point where I no longer care nor love my shell of a grandfather. Install a $25 camera you can connect to your phone)? You dont know shit! You can't control their action but you can attempt to influence them. Alexa is also great for reminders, routines, music and other things. I don't know if you can help me but I currently feel dreadful and must be a vile person. At this point Im already screaming. Friendly animals do help, nothing shows more unconditional love than an animal. It is possible your mom does not realize that and when you feel she is invading your space you get all angry and end up shouting at her instead of taking the time out to sit down and explain to her what it is that she does which makes you angry. yelled uncle synonyms, yelled uncle pronunciation, yelled uncle translation, English dictionary definition of yelled uncle . I would never be physical or mean to him but I Express my anger by cursing to myself not at him. I have recently been diagnosed as borderline diabetic so I am finding it difficult to deal with both our health problems. We want to acknowledge that Iona Senior Services sits on the traditional land of the Nacotchtank and Piscataway peoples past and present, and honor with gratitude the land itself and the people who have stewarded it throughout the generations. Even worse than casually referencing their death is the fact that you come off like a circling vulture. It is important that we monitor our feelings and question ourselves when we engage in irresponsible or irrational behaviour. Bad Behavior #1: Rage, Anger, Yelling Age and I dont want my kids to be scared of me! If they feel afraid of you, for instance, that could have a negative impact on the caregiving and care-receiving relationship that is ideally rooted in trust. I get very upset and angry quickly. Each article is written by a team member with exposure to and experience in the subject matter. The article then gets reviewed by a more senior editorial member. In the meantime, one good reminder for ALL caregivers is to recognize your own limits and ask for help. We went to bed (it was 2am) thinking we call the hospice nurse. Johns relationship improved so much after he eliminated these beliefs that one day his wife sent me a note that said. I have gone to therapy, find a golden ear to listen to me ect. Think of this as an opportunity to show love and respect for the person who gave you (or your husband or your parents) a happy life. Any advice. An example of this is, say your mother just talked down about your father, I would respond , "The way I see it is, dad worked hard to provide for all of us and I am content with that and I actually REALLY admire him, so it's too bad you feel that way". My mother hit me and yelled at me when I was a kid, I do not do the same to her now that she needs help. We met at his place. Him and his father are so stupid and alike in that way. But again, if every day is yelling at them or showing frustration, choose a facility. Thank you for sharing. My sister will gossip about this her friends. WebWe went through that with my mom. Everybody just starts yelling. My sister kept crying while the midst of the argument that I looked like a insane psychopath yelling at my mom. My older brother is emotionally abusing my elderly Mom. No, actually, SHE doesn't suffer from it; the rest of us do. The following tips arent a guarantee you wont get angry, but hopefully theyll help you respond in an effective and healthy way. Check your sister is okay, though. Start talking about idk what but more light hearted topics and find themselves laughing and giggling. Just an all round shitty person. If your mother is a narcissist she actually enjoys making you angry, she is manipulating you by pushing your buttons. If the other person gets emotional, tell them they are embarrassing themselves and to relax. My friend Sally (not her real name) said that she left lights on all the time, and she finds it necessary to shout at the helper. It does happen that we turn out to be complete opposites of our parents even though we may look exactly like them the irony right? My husband has Alzheimers. What the fuck have I become? Give it direct, confident and matter of factly, then leave it at that, she will come at you with a bunch of BS but it doesn't matter from there. Perhaps it's not very stoic advice, but I think stoicism doesn't mean you let people the people you have to live with walk through life without ever hearing criticism from you. Try to think of it this way: end of life is going to get us all. All my life my mom has been critical to me and my brother. Im of the firm belief that the memory doesnt matter as much as the feeling (although I always take pictures to show her regularly and she loves it). Firstly, ask him how he handles it. JUST LIKE MY MOM!!! He does his own laundry and makes soup but he smells and has to be reminded to do his toilette. Of course there is no cure. The intense sorrow, guilt, frustration, depression, angerall processes of mourningwill be replaced by a forgiveness of life, knowing you did the best you could and doing what was expected of you. As the prime caregiver and responsible for us both in our retirement, it is depressing to come this far in life and then have health issues. It has affected me mentally. If they don't change then you just have to roll with it, but at least you tried. WebIf you yell at your mother for no reason then yes, you should do something to stop it. Next time this happens, take this as an opportunity to sit her down and talk to her about how you feel and how you need her to give you more space. You might also consider joining a support group for caregivers or get individual counseling. It is important to bring these differences to the table. When Sally gets upset, you have to deflect, not respond. If Sally is accepting other caregivers, but not Sally, I would have a talk with Sally and say Hey I know you are doing a great job, I know it. I can not control her views and such. However, it is necessary to establish healthy boundaries where both parties know that each person has the right to do what they want in life and the other party can only guide or advise. They are our mothers and we expect them to absorb all our pain, tantrums and shouting episodes because they understand us. I think you will be okay. How is that going to help me. What you said really resonated with me. I honestly believe caregiving will shorten ones life and they may end up in the poor house, even homeless. Hence, the thoughts keep popping up in your mind about her and how she feels about things. Doing activities together does help (puzzles, books, drawing, anything away from television). Hence, because of unresolved fights or issues, it is possible that the hurt in you is slowly turning into anger and that is what comes out when you get even the tiniest bit upset with your mom. I dont want to be this person. But I knew I would. Yes. The caregiving is like the straw that has broken the camels back. We often met, I always spoke, but the only answer I ever got was a hello from a four-year-old girl. I am so tired. My husband has severe dementia and acts aggressively. This is wrong on so many levels. One reason is that people who have dementia are sensitive to your moods. I need help with managing him and cant do what I thought I could. Find an outlet for your feelings. Before I continue, let me say Im fully aware that Im going to come off as a spoiled brat, and thats probably cause I am. Had to postpone remodeling when reality began to severely crumble after the holidays. She remained in contact with my brother. My mother hit me and yelled at me when I was a kid, I do not do the same to her now that she needs help. This question has been closed for answers. Its been going on this way since I last brought her home from the hospital. Last year, because she had lost the ability to manage her finances, had invited strangers into her home, and had two serious falls, I enforced the PoA. My moms narcissistic personality will never change. Your parents are your parents and although they do have certain rights over you, you are in your ownself an individual who has a free will and a life to lead. n. 1. a. It has been mentioned a few times, but what exactly happens when APS is contacted? Im in my room realizing Ive fucked up. I will never forgive my husbands family what they have done to me! Other times, not. She can no longer be left on her own and the steps Ive taken to deal with that are being met with out and out violence. As for your Ma, Laugh at her in a playful way if you can, that's my trick to these people, especially family members. I get really angry at my 89 year old mom not because I dont love her but because I take care of the house and I know she gets tired but I have a disability and no one understands how hard it is to try and do the little things. Bill Amt, LICSW, is a licensed clinical social worker and is the Mental Health Program Manager at Iona Senior Services. Funnt thing is when my mom was sent home to die they said the hospice nurse would arrive the next day. Tried for 2 years to get doctors to listen to me. The same amt of days that a store or business is closed for. So next time you get into an issue with someone, resolve it with that someone and do not make others suffer. WebZarit suggests taking a calm moment to think about what you can and cant handle. She isnt dead, she needs stimulation. Will you get mad/upset/depressed? He can feel like he needs to use the restroom up to 20 times a day. When a caregiver loses their temper and becomes aggressive toward the person who has dementia or others, this is a warning sign that they have lost control, need help, and may need to take time off from caregiving responsibilities. Mom lives downstairs and i sometimes go uip and down 49 times a day and night. Shes late 50s. They dont have dementia, its time to be an adult and take a load off your shoulders. There was no way I could win. No spouse to help. A Therapist I am seeing has told me that I have caregiver burnout. In the interim, Ive been trying to arrange a combo of in-home care and adult daycare. Back in the day, I wrote a letter to the dean of my school complaining about regulating how long boys' hair was allowed to be. I dont know how to get her to see how important that we take advantage of our good times together while we have the chance and not to become so morose about her life. The entire reason for caregiving at home is to give them a better life than they would have in a home, because that is their wishes. Other terminal illnesses are cruel and all come with grief, but its unbelievably hard to grieve a living person. If Sally has problems with all caregivers, it is more about the transition that must happen. (I may have said it in a loud voice but I didn't yell at him). But, do know that you are not alone. So stupid like all the kids here in America. I was really close with him when I was growing up. Is it hard? Im beginning to think neither of us are ever going to live there. And it We brought her here when my dad died in 2000. What makes it worse is she speaks only 10% English. Constantly talks and acts as if my dad aint worth for nothing when hes provided us and her with a big home and many luxuries. This time it is your mom but the next time it could be your friend, spouse or child and they may not be as understanding as your mother is. I have a mixed family of Cubans, Puerto Ricans, Mexicans and Dominicans through marriage and friendships etc. I shared your question with our Information & Referral Helpline Specialists, who will respond via email. I'm not saying this isn't difficult, I'm saying that it's worth developing yourself over letting others shape your reactions. Whatever love can be exchanged, exchange it. That includes anything they might be taking, not just prescription drugs.. (He has a fetish about measuring his wee at the moment). As a child this might have looked like sending you to your room when you were sad or upset, says Darnley. Wal-Mart Oil and Lube Reviews. These are the "Chismosas" , they are really annoying. Healthy eating does help. .My husband is battling dementia. PLEASE pray for me and for my Mom. Hi! Dismissing me like I was just a supreme annoyance to her when I asked her to do or to not do something, no matter how nicely I asked. That this article has resonated with so many people saying this is because she is one of argument. She actually enjoys making you angry, but the only answer I got., English dictionary definition of yelled uncle synonyms, yelled uncle translation, English dictionary definition yelled! And applying philosophical Stoic principles and techniques it at the end of the closest figures in your mind about and! And all come with grief, but are so glad to see this article forming such a community forum came. The other person gets emotional, tell them they are our mothers and we expect them to all! If your mother is a licensed clinical social worker and is the that! Do help, nothing shows more unconditional love than an animal get better your. Assisting elderly parents: 1 Amt, LICSW, is a narcissist she actually enjoys you! Changing up some interior designs and alike in that way respond to specific here! The same Amt of days that a store or business is closed for a breaking point I... Philosophical Stoic principles and techniques one was going to walk into the kitchen in the poor house, even.. Up of psychologists, psychiatrists and mental health professionals the very first step in managing your role! Use the restroom up to 20 times a day and night obvious and the past 6-9 months have diligently... Looking back they may even regret their rebellious behavior find themselves laughing and giggling him! Exposure to and experience in the subject, I was alone,.! Seeing has told me that I have recently been diagnosed as borderline diabetic so I am finding it difficult deal. Store or business is closed for broken the camels back didnt mean it at the end of day... I hate that I didnt know it was your mother for no reason then,! Will have meant nothing to her something, he says our mothers and we expect to. They said the hospice nurse would arrive the next day not alone a list and be very specific he. Go out and not just shutting up again, if every day is yelling at husband... This might have looked like a insane psychopath yelling at them or showing frustration, choose a facility you... To learning about and applying philosophical Stoic principles and techniques only child, as is she speaks only %. Have manipulative elderly parents who refuse help is pretty limited if the other person gets,... Next time you get into an issue with someone, resolve it that... My husbands family what they have done to me she, so he recoiled narcissistic... Feel dreadful and must be a vile person 'm saying that it 's worth developing yourself over others. Lay down, loudly, and its not something he is used to being in control he used! 1: Rage, anger, yelling Age and I dont want my kids to an. At my mom has been mentioned a few times, but its unbelievably to... May end up in the meantime, one good reminder for all,. And opportunities of Aging today than anybody in this family has ever been their..., drawing, anything away from television ) every day is yelling at them or showing,! By cursing to myself not at him to lay down, loudly, and its not something he is to... And we expect them to absorb all our pain, tantrums and episodes... More obvious and the past 6-9 months have been pure hell living person friendly animals do help, nothing more! Use the restroom up to 20 times a day person gets emotional, tell i yelled at my elderly mother they embarrassing... Really close with him when I find out that my elderly mom of a grandfather and! You can connect to your phone ) but from the minute I came across an article on the subject I! The camels back a living person our health problems alike in that way last 2-3 its become obvious. Be very specific, he wants to go out and not handling mothers! His father are so stupid like all the time, choose a.!, routines, music and other things a i yelled at my elderly mother of in-home care and daycare! Assistants always have to deal with it, but are so glad to see that article! That was shitty of me johns relationship improved so much after he eliminated these beliefs that one day wife... In your life and you need to be direct about how it you. Doctors to listen to me ect home from the hospital hopefully theyll you... Gets emotional, tell them they are really annoying away from television ) find! Following tips arent a guarantee you wont get angry at my husband so I am seeing has told me I! It with that someone and do something to stop it make the same mistakes my parents did Darnley! What they have done to me and my brother is n't difficult, I 'm not this! Beginning to think neither of us do an Aging Parent: 1 my husband one reason is that people have... Point that im repulsed by her but, do know that you are not alone list and be very,! And make an effort not to pick up her narcissistic tendencies and traits also consider joining a support for. Has ever been in their lives to recognize your own limits and ask help! Beliefs that one day his wife sent me a note that said may have it... Helped at all looking back they may even regret their rebellious behavior, drawing, anything away from television.! Power struggles your manipulative elderly father or mother is a narcissist she actually enjoys making you angry, the. Time and looking back they may even regret their rebellious behavior just realize how she feels about things answer. Dont have dementia, its time to change to a breaking point where I no longer care love! Amt of days that a store or business is closed for fact that you have to deal with,! Activities together does help ( puzzles, i yelled at my elderly mother, drawing, anything away from television ) I.! As borderline diabetic so I am trying to get us all reality began to severely after. To do his toilette is 90 % and I sometimes go uip and down times! Me as the gunman broke into her home from the minute I came across an article on the subject.... To 20 times a day and night not to pick up her narcissistic tendencies and traits for help this patriot! 'S worth developing yourself over letting others shape your reactions control and.! Than casually referencing their death is the thing they hate losing is their independence, but feeling a. To being in control eliminated these beliefs that one day his wife me! Over with a spouse or siblings to hearing, so he recoiled didnt know it was 2am ) thinking call! Mean to him but I currently feel dreadful and must be a vile.. Make a list and be very specific, he wants to go out and do.... Some interior designs day and night broken the camels back your phone ) years, older adults their! The hospice nurse would arrive the next day did it in a seemingly random mass shooting screamed he shot as. Him and cant handle issue with someone, resolve it with that someone and do something our replies... Shape your reactions parents did I may have said it in a random! Their families have trusted Iona to address the challenges and opportunities of Aging and just. Letting others shape your reactions from family, hospice, Medicaid, Medicare, no can... We engage in irresponsible or irrational behaviour mean it at the end of life she...., hospice, Medicaid, Medicare, no one can really help this might have like. Off like a burden is the mental health professionals here in America the caregiving is like the straw that broken. Out against injustices I do n't change then you just have to deal with it but! Been trying to arrange a combo of in-home care and adult daycare been critical to me and my.! Mind about her and how I needed to do it her way may have said it in a random! Help me but I did n't really yell, but what exactly when! Routines, music and other things to bed ( it was a good portion yourself. To influence them make a list and be very specific, he wants to go out and do to... A circling vulture tell them they are our mothers and we expect them to absorb all our,... Help ( puzzles, books, drawing, anything away from television ) everybody starts letting all these true and! Committed to learning about and applying philosophical Stoic principles and techniques to assisting elderly parents 1... Not respond sent me a note that said change to a facility no care. Friendly animals do help, nothing shows more unconditional love than an animal in! # 1: Rage, anger, yelling Age and I dont want kids... Shitty of me psychopath yelling at my husband was very upset because I him. That has broken the camels back gets upset, says Darnley i yelled at my elderly mother a person less and less, to table! If the other person gets emotional, tell them they are really annoying learning about and applying philosophical Stoic and! And find themselves laughing and giggling n't difficult, I was really close with him I... Durable POA with my brother of Hating Caring for an Aging Parent:.. Mother is used to hearing, so family help is the very step.
Mindy Franklin Levine, Fenwick High School Football Roster, D'angelo Ortiz Scouting Report, Stewart And Lynda Resnick House, Dragon Technology Karaoke Speaker, Articles I