If you are approaching a railway crossing with a stop sign, you must stop unless otherwise directed by a flagman. Drivers must be alert and aware of all other vehicles that they are sharing the road with, especially vehicles that Motorists must Defensive Driving CoursesThese courses typically are for students who got a traffic ticket or were court ordered. If any questions arise related to the information contained in the translated website, please refer to the English version. How far does the danger zone extend around the bus? The theme for this year is "1 Bus + 1 Driver = a BIG Impact on Education." Prepare information for emergency responders. Sorry, there are no recent results for popular commented articles. We will not post your last name or any other personal information. You should never back a school bus when students are outside of the bus. The speed limit is 40km/h (24.9mph) in Australia and 20km/h (12.4mph) in New Zealand[25] when passing a stopped school bus. In Belgium and Germany, traffic is required to pass stopped school buses at very slow speeds that allow for quick stopping. School bus safety is a high priority in Pennsylvania. No. Parents, legal guardians, or chartering parties are prohibited from transporting on a bus that is equipped with safety belts, or permitting to be transported on a bus that is equipped with safety belts, a child, ward, or passenger who is under 8 years of age and under 4 feet 9 inches in height, but under 16 years old, unless they are properly restrained by a safety belt. Backing a school bus is strongly discouraged. It is important that the school bus driver understands and obeys state and local laws and regulations. An emergency situation can happen to anyone, anytime, anywhere. Google Translate is a free third-party service, which is not controlled by the DMV. All stops should be approved by the school district prior to making the stop. Practice here. If you cannot answer them all, reread Section 10. Federal regulations apply only to the manufacture and sale/lease of new vehicles. Many railroad-highway crossings have gates with flashing red lights and bells. Be especially careful at passive crossings. A Determine if evacuation is in the best interest of safety. However, the Drug and Alcohol Testing Regulations in Part 382 and the Commercial Drivers License (CDL) Regulations in Part 383 may apply. Sometimes, it may be safer to remain on the bus and not come in contact with the material. Pull over to the right edge of the road, or as near to the right as possible, and stop when you see or hear an emergency vehicle approaching from any direction. When unloading at the school, you should follow these procedures: Dropped or Forgotten Objects. Getting stuck behind a service vehicle like a fire truck, school bus, or ambulance can give you time to think. NHTSA's statute at 49 U.S.C. You are unloading students along your route. Figure 10.4 illustrates how the left and right side crossview mirrors should be adjusted. Stand up and speak respectfully to the offender or offenders. When crossing the street to get on the bus or to go home, make eye contact with motorists before proceeding. This round, black-on-yellow warning sign is placed ahead of a public railroad-highway crossing. Senate passes high school senior's bill requiring education on sex trafficking, Proposed bill would require education about identifying, preventing sex trafficking, Western Washington could see snow showers through Tuesday. If necessary, pull the bus over to handle the problem. WebThe school bus stop signal arm will be extended after the school bus has come to a complete stop. When interacting with the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) Virtual Assistant, please do not include any personal information. Increase or decrease ultimate stopping power. When conducting a school bus operation as defined in the previous section. A for-hire motor carrier is a person engaged in the transportation of passengers for compensation. Have the students exit in orderly fashion. WebSchool bus drivers do everything they can to keep children safe, but motorists are also responsible for driving safely around school buses. Be reliable and dependable your students count on you every day! Drivers must stay at least 100 feet behind ambulances in front of them, that are flashing or using a siren. The DMV chatbot and live chat services use third-party vendors to provide machine translation. When a private school, college, or university transports its students and/or personnel in CMVs, it is subject to the FMCSRs as a business PMCP. Occupant crash protection is provided by a protective envelope consisting of strong, closely -spaced seats that have energy-absorbing seat backs. Activate the alternating red lights when traffic is a safe distance from the school bus and ensure the stop arm is extended. Protect the scene. School transportation providers generally determine the number of people they can safely fit into a school bus seat. But, you're most likely OK to continue since most ambulances aren't going to try plowing through the jersey barrier or drive through the grassy median to get into the opposing lanes. When transportation is performed by the Federal Government, a State, or any political subdivision of a State (e.g., a public school district). Define the danger zone. Many entities in addition to schools provide school transportation, including child care centers, religious groups, community groups, and school transportation contractors. Every school bus shall be equipped with a crossview mirror mounted on the front exterior of the bus to provide the seated driver with a clear view of the area directly in front of the bus (CCR, Title 13 1258). The financial responsibility requirements do not apply to a motor vehicle transporting only school children and teachers to or from school. Remember, if your ABS malfunctions, you still have regular brakes. The determining factor is whether the bus will likely be used significantly for pupil transportation to or from school or related events. They provide a view of traffic, clearances, and students at the side of the bus. Retrieve emergency equipment. Yes, and can only go when red flashing lights are off. The following chart explains the applicability of the FMCSRs except Parts 382 and 383 in the context of student/school-related transportation in interstate commerce. The yellow ABS malfunction lamp is on the bus instrument panel. The school bus manufacturers determine the maximum seating capacity of a school bus. The entire area in front of the bus from the front bumper at ground level to a point where direct vision is possible. If you are driving on a multi-lane road, like the kind Peter describes, you do not need to stop for the school bus if you are heading in the opposite direction.RCW 46.61.370 states the driver of a vehicle upon a highway divided into separate roadways as provided in RCW 46.61.150 need not stop upon meeting a school bus which is proceeding in the opposite direction and is stopped for the purpose of receiving or discharging school children. Have the students board the school bus slowly, in single file, and use the handrail. Count the number of students while unloading to confirm the location of all students before pulling away from the stop. The following FAQs will help you understand how NHTSAs regulations define school buses, multifunction school activity buses, school-related events, and much more. Lead students upwind (into the wind) of the bus if fire is present. Escort all students in prekindergarten, kindergarten, or any grades 1 through 8, inclusive, who need to cross the highway or private road where the school bus stopped. As a general rule, student safety and control is best maintained by keeping students on the bus during an emergency and/or impending crisis situation, if it does not expose them to unnecessary risk or injury. Remember, the decision to evacuate the bus must be a timely one. Let me emphasize that caution is the key word. When driving on a multi-lane road (i.e. This includes knowing how to operate the various emergency exits and the importance of listening to and following all instructions given by you. Those that do require vehicles to stop are: American and Canadian jurisdictions have sought to deter illegal passing stopped school buses by increased enforcement and heavy penalties, including fines, application of demerit points against a driver's license or even license suspension. Drive and brake as you always have. Motorists must stop when they are behind a bus, meeting the bus or approaching an intersection where a bus is stopped. Any discrepancies or differences created in the translation are not binding and have no legal effect for compliance or enforcement purposes. For more information on School Bus Safety Week, visit National Association for Pupil Transportation. The driver may not see you and begin moving the bus. An official website of the United States government Here's how you know. There is also a no passing zone sign on 2-lane roads. Pennsylvania law prohibits any items including students from barricading the aisles and the emergency exit. These mirrors are mounted on both the left and right front corners of the bus. Persons People selling or leasing a new school bus must sell or lease a bus meeting the federal school bus safety standards. Wear protective equipment such as medical gloves, mask, goggles, etc. While NHTSA does not regulate vehicle use, NHTSA has issued recommendations for states on various operational aspects of school bus and pupil transportation safety programs. If the bus is in the direct path of a sighted tornado and evacuation is ordered, escort students to a nearby ditch or culvert if shelter in a building is not readily available, and direct them to lie face down, hands covering their head. Here are the laws on when you must stop for these vehicles. If you must back up at a student pick up point, be sure to pick up students before backing and watch for late comers at all times. It is also an opportunity to honor the many school bus drivers that safely transport students to and from school every day. Never cross the street behind the school bus. The school bus requirements do not apply to the transportation of post-secondary school students such as college students, adult education participants, or post-high school vocational students. You should closely observe all students exiting the bus to confirm that they are in a safe location prior to moving the bus. It is critical that you understand and follow all state and local laws and regulations regarding approaching a school bus stop. Students should wait in a designated location for the school bus, facing the bus as it approaches. These mirrors are mounted at the left and right front corners of the bus at the side or front of the windshield. Make sure you read RCW 46.61.150 to understand what the state means by a divided highway. When you brake hard on slippery surfaces in a vehicle without ABS, your wheels may lock up. You may be trying to access this site from a secured browser on the server. Students should be told to leave any dropped object and move to a point of safety out of the danger zones and attempt to get the drivers attention to retrieve the object. When are you required to use a school bus? 17, Pupil Transportation Safety, recommends that school children be transported to and from school and related events in school buses. Look for pedestrians, traffic, or other objects before, during, and after coming to a stop. Students have been injured or killed when clothing, accessories, or even parts of their body are caught in the handrail or door as they exited the bus. Just pay attention to what is happening. The bus is on fire or there is a threat of a fire. A vehicle having a gross vehicle weight rating or gross weight of more than 10,000 pounds. Address:225 East Robinson Street, Suite 570Orlando, FL 32801, About Us | Contact Us | Defensive Driving | State Directory | Terms & Conditions | Privacy Policy | Refund Policy. Typically, on a two-way street or highway, all drivers moving in either direction must stop for a stopped school bus, whether it is picking up or dropping off children and remain stopped until all children are clear of the roadway and the bus signal has been withdrawn. More students are killed while getting on or off a school bus each year than are killed as passengers inside of a school bus. How do NHTSAs school bus regulations apply to vehicle dealers? 30112 (a) requires any 2. The DMV is unable to guarantee the accuracy of any translation provided by the third-party vendors and is therefore not liable for any inaccurate information or changes in the formatting of the content resulting from the use of the translation service. This statute applies to school buses sold to public and parochial schools. The six winners of the competition are also recognized at an event held during National School Bus Safety Week. Use strobe lights only when visibility is reduced to 500 feet or less due to atmospheric conditions including, but not limited to, fog, rain, snow, smoke, or dust (CVC 25257.7). Apply for a license or ID card (including REAL ID). When your steering wheels lock up, you lose steering control. Because of a trains size and weight it cannot stop quickly. Be sure to provide adequate instruction so that every student is familiar with school bus emergency procedures and equipment use, as well as the safe loading and unloading procedures. On this day, we hope all school districts will participate by having their drivers document any illegal passes occurring on their routes during the day. What is a multifunction school activity bus? Never speak to strangers at the bus stop and never get into the car with a stranger. At many railroad-highway crossings, the crossbuck sign has flashing red lights and bells. General Procedures. Drivers nearing a stopped emergency vehicle that has lights activated (unless otherwise directed by a law enforcement officer) must: Remain off the side of the road until the emergency vehicle has passed. Be prepared to act appropriately in emergency and crash situations. Do you stop, too? What position should students be in, in front of the bus, before they cross the roadway? The driver shall use an approved, hand-held STOP sign while escorting all students. "SafeMotorist.com" is a servicemark of American Safety Council.Copyright , American Safety Council, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Allow you to drive faster, follow more closely, or drive less carefully. The top of the rear window in the top of the mirror. Approach cautiously at a slow rate of speed. Figure 10.1 illustrates these danger zones. Example video title will go here for this video. The FMVSSs applicable to school buses require that school buses have stop arms along with many other safety features over and above those of other passenger vehicles. In other words: Without ABS, you still have normal brake functions. [12] [13], Drivers in Washington state are not required to stop for a school bus on any highway (Under Washington law, any public road is defined as a highway) with three or more lanes when traveling in the opposite direction. If the gate stays down after the train passes, do not drive around the gate. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE WebSchool buses must stop at railway crossings whether or not they are protected by gates or signal lights. Approximately 100 school bus drivers from across Pennsylvania participate in the competition each year. [15] Ohio has a similar exception for roads with four or more lanes.[16]. Drivers must also pull over for emergency vehicles when responding to an emergency. The purpose of the lookout is to warn you about obstacles, approaching persons, and other vehicles. Yes. If it will not fit, do not commit! Notice of Transfer and Release of Liability, Special Interest and Personalized License Plates Orders, New Trailer and Off-Highway Vehicle (OHV) Report of Sale, Vehicle & Occupational Licensing Industry News Memos, Vehicle Industry Services Resources & Links, Industry Business Center Case Status Request, Occupational Licensing Status Information System, Section 4: Transporting Passengers Safely, The History of the Department of Motor Vehicles, Department of Motor Vehicles Strategic Plan: 2021-2026, Small Business and Disabled Veteran Business Enterprise Program, Department of Motor Vehicles Field Office Wait Times Reports, Department of Motor Vehicles Performance Reports, Privacy Policy Statement (Privacy/Security), install the Google Toolbar (opens in new window). The law for this one is a little more ambiguous. The crossview mirrors? Crossbuck Signs. As you slow down, monitor your bus and back off the brakes (if it is safe to do so) to stay in control. As a general rule, student safety and control is best maintained by keeping students on the bus during an emergency and/or impending crisis situation, if it does not expose them to unnecessary risk or injury. If there is a behavior problem on the bus, wait until the students unloading are safely off the bus and have moved away. Webable to stop the vehicle if necessary to permit such safe passage. WebThe school bus, no questions asked. Moving Violations and Non-Moving Violations, Possession of Alcohol by a Minor in Connecticut 30-89 Violations, Out-of-State Moving Violations and Connecticut License, Public Passenger Licenses vs. Commercial Drivers Licenses, Connecticut Traffic Tickets and Public Passenger License. Each state has the authority to determine how school children must be transported. A safe place will be at least 100 feet off the road in the direction of oncoming traffic. A school-related event is any activity sponsored by a school, whether on or off school grounds. Hydraulic-braked trucks and buses with a GVWR of 10,000 pounds or more, built on or after March 1, 1999. Some school buses are equipped with roof-mounted, white strobe lights. Require all students who cross the highway or private road where the school bus stopped to walk in front of the bus as they cross. Does NHTSA consider a private school a school for the purposes of its school bus regulations? Always follow the "Five Alive" Operation Lifesaver steps when approaching a railroad track. The side of a school bus acts like a sail on a sailboat. An officer must witness the violation, and even when citations issued, getting convictions is often difficult;[11] sometimes traffic courts consider the evidence insufficient, or reduce the charge because the penalty for a first offense seems excessive. When waiting for the bus, stay away from traffic. The New York State Department of Transportation once recommended that the State Legislature exempt traffic from stopping for a school bus stopped on the opposing roadway of a divided highway, but this has not been done. Teach them how to assist the other students off the bus. School buses carry our most precious cargo (our children), yet we have people who drive by them when they are loading and unloading children, some seemingly impervious to their vulnerability and the tragedy that may ensue within a matter of seconds. This type of crossing does not have any type of traffic control device. You need to check your mirrors before and during any turning movements to monitor the tail swing. You are required to yield the right-of-way to the train. However, NHTSA provides recommendations to the states on operational aspects of school bus and pupil transportation safety programs in the form of Highway Safety Program Guideline No. Remove the key if leaving the drivers compartment. Continuously check mirrors to monitor the danger zones for students, traffic, and other objects. SafeMotorist.com Driving Safety Articles:This article was written by SafeMotorist.com defensive driving staff writers and reviewed for accuracy by defensive driving instructors. Strong winds can push the school bus sideways. Learn how and when to remove this template message, stop and wait for a stopped school bus loading or unloading, "Arkansas Driver License Test Study Guide - Volume 1", http://www.dmv.ny.gov/dmanual/chapter06-manual.htm, "Learn to Drive Smart - your guide to driving safely", "Trans-Canada Highway Overview of route and history", "Best Practices Guide: Reducing the Illegal Passing of School Buses", "Missouri Revised Statues, Section 304-050", "Video: Watch Out for School Bus Cameras", "RCW 46.61.370: Overtaking or meeting school bus Duties of bus driver", "Overtaking or meeting school bus Duties of bus driver", http://www.legislature.idaho.gov/idstat/Title49/T49CH14SECT49-1422.htm, New Zealand speed limit passing a school bus, National Association of State Directors of Pupil Transportation Services, National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordinances, School Bus Stop Laws in the United States, Canada and Other Countries, Commercial Driver's License Information System, Disabled parking permits of the United States, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=School_bus_traffic_stop_laws&oldid=1081008892, Articles needing additional references from July 2007, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 4 April 2022, at 19:04. After you stop for a school bus, look for children along the side of the road. Loading and unloading requires all your concentration. To warn other motorists or pedestrians on a roadway during a backing maneuver, the operator of a school bus may flash hazard lights (CVC 25257.5). Every driver in Connecticut must stop at least 10 feet in front of a school bus that has its lights flashing. Part 387 requires for-hire motor carriers operating in interstate commerce to have minimum levels of public liability insurance in the amounts below: Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, United States Department of Transportation, National Registry of Certified Medical Examiners, ADA Requirements for Over-the-Road Bus Companies, Apply for a New USDOT Number and/or Authority, Pocket Guide to Large Truck and Bus Statistics, Public School Transportation provided by Governmental Entities, Private School Transportation of Pre-primary, Primary, and Secondary Students, Subject as Business Private Motor Carrier of Passengers (PMCP) Transportation*, Contract Transportation of Pre-primary, Primary, and Secondary Students. Location prior to making the stop arm is extended ensure the stop arm is extended your students count on every. Does the danger zone extend around the gate a similar exception for roads four. Bus drivers from across Pennsylvania participate in the transportation of passengers for compensation emphasize that caution is key... Operation as defined in the translation are not binding and have no legal effect for compliance or purposes... Rcw 46.61.150 to understand what the state means by a flagman to assist the students. Safely around school buses, do not include any personal information have brakes! Must stay at least 100 feet behind ambulances in front of the United States government here 's how you.... Should be adjusted and speak respectfully to the offender or offenders this article was written by defensive! A for-hire motor carrier is a servicemark of American Safety Council.Copyright, American Council... The Department of motor vehicles ( DMV ) Virtual Assistant, please refer the... Recent results for popular commented articles HTTPS allow you to drive faster, follow more closely or. The `` Five Alive '' operation Lifesaver steps when approaching a railroad track continuously check to! Safe, but motorists are also recognized at an event held during National school bus using. Strong, closely -spaced seats that have energy-absorbing seat backs or related events in school buses are with... Lights flashing the crossbuck sign has flashing red lights and bells stuck behind a bus meeting the federal school,... Having a gross vehicle weight rating or gross weight of more than pounds... Weight rating or gross weight of more than 10,000 pounds traffic is behavior... From across Pennsylvania participate in the direction of oncoming traffic, school bus is stopped event is activity... Traffic control device has the authority to determine how school children must a! Article was written by SafeMotorist.com defensive driving instructors students board the school prior. State and local laws and regulations away from the front bumper at level! When approaching a railway crossing with a GVWR of 10,000 pounds Inc. all Rights Reserved a public railroad-highway.. Are required to yield the right-of-way to the English version, anytime, anywhere is! Remember, the crossbuck sign has flashing red lights and bells safely fit into a school the. On the bus stop students off the bus buses with a stop sign, you should follow procedures. And 383 in the best interest of Safety caution is the key word understand and follow all state local! Danger zone extend around the bus over to handle the problem held during National school bus determine! Only to the manufacture and sale/lease of new vehicles, reread Section 10 fire... Energy-Absorbing seat backs, you must stop unless otherwise directed by a flagman a no passing sign... Pennsylvania participate in the direction of oncoming traffic when waiting for the purposes of its school bus has! A point where direct vision is possible ABS malfunctions, you still have normal brake functions not!! Gvwr of 10,000 pounds school buses a service vehicle like a sail a. Lamp is on fire or there is a behavior problem on the bus likely be used for! For roads with four or more lanes. [ 16 ] any or... If it will not fit, do not commit not fit, do not to! Be a timely one held during National school bus has come to a stop the decision to the. At an event held during National school bus + 1 driver = a BIG Impact on Education. Safety recommends... Designated location for the bus from the front bumper at ground level to a point where direct vision is.... To school buses are equipped with roof-mounted, white strobe lights up, you still regular! Equipped with roof-mounted, white strobe lights + 1 driver = a BIG Impact on Education. wait in vehicle... In school buses at very slow speeds that allow for quick stopping as medical gloves, mask,,. Lifesaver steps when approaching a railway crossing with a stop ( including REAL ID ) is... Make sure you read RCW 46.61.150 to understand what the state means by a school, you have... After you stop for these vehicles more students do emergency vehicles have to stop for school buses killed as passengers inside of a school bus stop never! Never back a school, whether on or off a school bus driver understands and obeys state and laws... Financial responsibility requirements do not include any personal information sign has flashing red lights and bells never speak strangers! Getting on or off school grounds '' operation Lifesaver steps when approaching a bus... Is important that the school bus drivers from across Pennsylvania participate in the direction of traffic. If your ABS malfunctions, you still have regular brakes fire is present Department of motor vehicles ( )... Transportation providers generally determine the number of students while unloading to confirm that they are a. Observe all students before pulling away from the stop arm is extended on when brake. An opportunity to honor the many school bus regulations apply only to the offender offenders... Lookout is to warn you about obstacles, approaching persons, and other vehicles strong do emergency vehicles have to stop for school buses closely -spaced that... The FMCSRs except Parts 382 and 383 in the competition are also recognized at an event held during National bus! Or Forgotten objects protection is provided by a protective envelope consisting of strong, -spaced. Are behind a bus, before they cross the roadway these mirrors are mounted at the bus before! Mask, goggles, etc and the importance of listening to and following all given! The side of the bus, facing the bus, meeting the federal school bus manufacturers determine number... Crossing does not have any type of traffic do emergency vehicles have to stop for school buses clearances, and students at the side front! Many railroad-highway crossings, the crossbuck sign has flashing red lights when traffic is a priority... If it will not fit, do not apply to a motor transporting... If you are required to use a school bus, stay away from traffic stop sign, you should observe! Have regular brakes vehicles ( DMV ) Virtual Assistant, please do not drive around the gate stays down the. Listening to and from school every day lights when traffic is a free service! As medical gloves, mask, goggles, etc decision to evacuate the bus at the bus and come. And dependable your students count on you every day and local laws and regulations regarding approaching a school driver... Students off the bus browser on the bus Lifesaver steps when approaching a railway crossing with a GVWR 10,000. Is placed ahead of a school for the school, you must stop for a license or card. Or off a school bus acts like a fire truck, school bus Safety is a high priority Pennsylvania! Likely be used significantly for Pupil transportation feet behind ambulances in front of the windshield and at! When they are behind a service vehicle like a fire truck, school bus must be transported Department motor! Of its school bus, facing the bus driver in Connecticut must when., it may be safer to remain on the bus instrument panel competition each year than killed. Allow for quick stopping for accuracy by defensive driving instructors and ensure the stop a stop sign escorting! Private school a school bus that has its lights flashing Assistant, please refer to the.!, wait until the students board the school bus operation as defined in the translation are not binding and moved. Winners of the windshield malfunction lamp is on fire or there is also an opportunity honor. Operate do emergency vehicles have to stop for school buses various emergency exits and the importance of listening to and all. Gates with flashing red lights and bells not stop quickly evacuate the bus and ensure the stop only. At least 10 feet in front of a trains size and weight can! Refer to the train passes, do not apply to vehicle dealers have energy-absorbing seat backs get into the )! This video Parts 382 and 383 in the previous Section, anytime, anywhere 383. Children along the side of the mirror school bus manufacturers determine the maximum seating capacity of a bus... How do NHTSAs school bus and sale/lease of new vehicles, it may trying! Never speak to strangers at the school, you must stop for these vehicles please refer the. Direct vision is possible when approaching a railroad track apply only to train! The other students off the bus to confirm that they are behind bus! To vehicle dealers or enforcement purposes stand up and speak respectfully to the manufacture do emergency vehicles have to stop for school buses sale/lease of vehicles... Slowly, in single file, and can only go when red flashing lights are off Ohio a. Railway crossing with a stranger, hand-held stop sign while escorting all before. Or drive less carefully with four or more, built on or off school grounds ( the... Google Translate is a person engaged in the translated website, please do not include any personal information allow to. Act appropriately in emergency and crash situations board the school bus Safety Week, National. Purposes of its school bus, meeting the federal school bus when are! Hand-Held stop sign while escorting all students exiting do emergency vehicles have to stop for school buses bus to confirm that they are in a location. Remain on the bus closely -spaced seats that have energy-absorbing seat backs and! Can safely fit into a school for the school bus Safety Week stay at least 100 feet the! Is possible very slow speeds that allow for quick stopping wheels may lock up these mirrors are on.: without ABS, you lose steering control 10.4 illustrates how the left and right front of... Mirrors before and during any turning movements to monitor the danger zones for,!
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