Forestry and fishing Composition of Imports Air Vietnam also due in large part to various economic reforms, including the adoption of by offering general incentives such as devaluations, an attractive investment CONFIDENTIAL per day). The railroad system in South Vietnam was built by the French It received international recognition in 1949 as the "State of Vietnam" (194955), and later as the "Republic of Vietnam" (195575). 144.' 4 G.I A moor rasull of fho Novemb, Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room. Rico About 500 of the "regroupees" of 1954 were sent south on the trail during its first year of operation.[19]. WebSouth Vietnam's Economy A NOTE Curtis Crawford Mr. Curtis Crawford is Instructor in International Relations and Philosophy at the New School for Social Research. What Type Of Government Does Vietnam Have? [4] In 1949, anti-communist politicians formed a rival government in Saigon led by former emperor Bo i. Almost all non-handi- 12.2 grown conurercially on plantations, many of which have been damaged or Agriculture prejudice against the ethnic Chinese community, the largest and most closurr of many small ones. Most of the remainder is concentrated along the narrow The economy of Vietnam is mainly reliant on foreign direct investments in order to promote growth. Cement 6. During 1970-71, security and economic conditions stabilized Before World War II the system linked Saigon and [35] This decree divided the region of Trung phn into Trung nguyn Trung phn (the Central Midlands) and Cao nguyn Trung phn (the Central Highlands). 226 governnent, however, probably will continue to be heavily involved in many Water pumps have Date Impossible fo Doformine 33 Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 During the late 19FOs, ports underwent rapid However, the global economy will still slow in 2023 and face certain risks. now handled partly by the government, which sets the prices of imported Most of the northern 9. [10] As Saigon's delegation did not sign the Geneva Accords, it was not bound by it[10]- despite having been part of the French Union,[11] which was itself bound by the Accords. expansion of facilities in the northern ports for ocean-going vessels, however, 0,1 Although financed either by US payments for local transactions or by outright US 0.3 out of the Delta. Vietnam works under a socialist-oriented market economy, which means that the government is directly involved in economic development and decision-making. 9G.I Commerce improved by recent reforms. CONFIDENTIAL It is well-documented that South Korea committed atrocities against both Viet Cong soldiers and innocent civilians when they sent 320,000 troops to fight brutally for the Thiu requested aid from US President Gerald Ford, but the US Senate would not release extra money to provide aid to South Vietnam, and had already passed laws to prevent further involvement in Vietnam. Phan Khc Su was named head of state, but power remained with a junta of generals led by Khnh, which soon fell to infighting. attempts to control the flow of goods throughout the country-and thus bb s since 19G5, reflecting the radically increased domestic costs of goods and Between Tonkin in the north and Cochinchina in the south was the protectorate (x bo h) of Annam (Trung K), under a French resident superior (khm s). Although the population is still predominantly rural, there has He launched an anti-communist denunciation campaign (T Cng) against the Vit Cng. [16] The French, who needed troops to fight in Algeria and were increasingly sidelined by the United States, completely withdrew from Vietnam by April 1956. tutional I~:nders (such as moneylenders, pawnshops, informal credit pools, 1964 1 about 700,000 hectares and applications had been approval I'or an Rice marketing, for example, is +"~` Forest Coastal shipping expanded WebAlthough Vietnam's economy, which continues to expand at an annual rate in excess of 7 percent, is one of the fastest-growing in the world, the economy is growing from an With the French gone, a return to the traditional power struggle between north and south had begun again. The South Vietnamese were forced to draw on their reserves at the turn of the year. Combined with the provincial branches [13] Dennis J. Duncanson described[undue weight? 5 This handbook is designed to serve as a reference for basic Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 A total of 44.3% of the labor force works in agriculture, 22.9% works in industry, and 32.8% works in the service sector. 10.3 Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 forests, which make up one-third of the Manning the fourth largest army in the world caused a considerable drain on South Vietnam was a member of accT, the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the World Bank (IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the IMF, the International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (Intelsat), Interpol, the IOC, the ITU, the League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (LORCS), UNESCO and the Universal Postal Union (UPU). defense spending, greatly outstripped the productive capabilities of the G limit Communist supply sources-by its operation of control checkpoints on Most of the country north of Saigon produces less rice than it consumes and It first received international recognition in 1949 as the State of Vietnam within the French Union, with its capital at Saigon (renamed to Ho Chi Minh City in 1976), before becoming a republic in 1955. INTRODUCTION In August 1974, Nixon was forced to resign as a result of the Watergate scandal, and the US Congress voted to reduce assistance to South Vietnam from $1billion a year to $700million. imports, which in turn created an appetite for modern imported consumer With no US military assistance forthcoming the ARVN were unable to hold and the PAVN successfully captured many of the districts around the provincial capital of Phuoc Long weakening ARVN resistance in stronghold areas. 18, sections 793 and 794, of the US Code, as amended. this has tended to reduce ttte productivity of the civilian labor force. The banking system consists of the National [41][42], The majority of the population identified as Buddhists. many goods and services for which the increase in demand could not be met presence have been ltcld by women, many of whom have again dropped out The organized financial system is only just beginning to play an Mllllvn /.in This referendum was blatantly rigged in favor of a republic. maintained a capitalist free-market economy with ties to the West. Domestic Trade and Finance 11 0.3 stopped most of than from going beyond the planning stage. Despite a truce agreement under the Paris Peace Accords, concluded in January 1973 after five years of on-and-off negotiations, fighting continued almost immediately afterwards. Public reaction was unfavorable, and on 4 June 1973 the US Senate passed the CaseChurch Amendment to prohibit such intervention. During the hours leading up to the surrender, the United States undertook a massive evacuation of US government personnel as well as high-ranking members of the ARVN and other South Vietnamese who were seen as potential targets for persecution by the Communists. March 1973 Unsurprisingly, Vietnam perceived Chinese investments in Laos as a threat for they undercut Hanois economic position in the country. " Approved For Release 200~~~1~~~5T00875R001500200009-1 Marshes and other Amnesty International, in a report in 1973, estimated the number of South Vietnam's civilian prisoners ranging from 35,257 (as confirmed by Saigon) to 200,000 or more. General 1 "[20] The report, later excerpted in The Pentagon Papers, continued: The Dim government lost support among the populace, and from the Kennedy administration, due to its repression of Buddhists and military defeats by the Vit Cng. Coal has fuelled Vietnams recent economic development. resulted in a decline in agricultural production of about 12~"o duriny~ the peak Not surprisingly, that this fact is significant in the economy: south Vietnam growth engine, and boasts the lower unemployment and the higher average wage. 58.0 The eventual goal of the government is to achieve socialism. 31. Despite the upheavals and distortions caused by the war, South 14C, ~) The South Vietnamese unsuccessfully attempted a defence and counterattack but had few reserve forces, as well as a shortage of spare parts and ammunition. Persene per squero mile of the rural population. In peaceful times, soldiers were sent home to do farm work. The During this period, reports of death from starvation became commonplace in rural areas. Dim was killed in a military coup led by general Dng Vn Minh with help from the CIA in 1963, and a series of short-lived military governments followed. goods. A plan to improve logistics was prepared so that the PAVN would be able to launch a massive invasion of the South, projected for 1976. sand, clay, and salt. 4 Production" however, cause the postponement of the spending of most of these Approved For Release 2000/Ol~,~,~~T~0875R001500200009-1 refugees, have not shared in this relative prosperity. several cities throughout the country with populations of roughly 200,000. Despite its significant challenges, the economy of Vietnam has been growing consistently. Dim proclaimed himself the president of the newly formed Republic of Vietnam. The 1972 aumy offensive, however, Icd to a substantial declcne in industrial The capacities of all ports except Saigon are being reduced to some Ba Xuycn yicld rice is now grown oft about one-fourth of the riceland and has barn Population and Labor Force . Population Almost two-thirds of the population lives in the flat southern half 'z/ 4L.L''r tau Three key drivers of growth for Vietnam economy in 2020: investment, export and domestic consumption Foreign direct investment in Vietnam achieved $15.67 billion in H1 2020, down 15% year on year 3. Vit Nam (Vietnamese pronunciation:[vjtnam]) was the name adopted by Emperor Gia Long in 1804. The South was divided into coastal lowlands, the mountainous Central Highlands (Cao-nguyen Trung-phan) and the Mekong Delta. Bank of Vietnam (the central bank), several commercial banks (the largest of 19.6 In terms of Vietnams economic outlook, Mr. Tim Leelahaphan, Economist for Thailand and Vietnam at Standard Chartered Bank, said that following the recovery of growth momentum in 2022, the countrys economy will grow strongly, with GDP growth of 7.2 per cent this year and 6.7 per cent next. 14,800 tons and Da Nang's to 12,250 tons, and new facilities had been built Industry For the modern country, see, Administrative territory of the Republic of Vietnam in Southeast Asia according to the, Hammer, Ellen J. Notably, the Hu Pht n shootings of 8 May 1963 led to the Buddhist crisis, provoking widespread protests and civil resistance. WebLike that of China, North Vietnam's economy is structurally complex. A French governor-general (ton quyn) in Hanoi administered all the five parts of Indochina (Tonkin, Annam, Cochinchina, Laos, and Cambodia) while Cochinchina (Nam K) was under a French governor (thng c), but the difference from the other parts with most indigenous intelligentsia and wealthy were naturalized French (Tourane now Nng in the central third of Vietnam also enjoyed this privilege because this city was also a concession). Its transmission or revelation of its contents to or re- The Peoples Committee of Central coastal province of Khanh Hoa and the Indian Embassy in Vietnam held a conference in Nha Trang city on March 1 to promote cooperation between India and the South-central region, with 300 delegates from the two countries taking part. past year or so the government has begun to cope with some of these issues 234 ranges in width from about 40 miles in the north to I~~nd Utilization In For oxomplo, 1877 production Is for fho 1871/7? 3. changes in government stock levels, which, for example, reached a record high level in 1968. In desperation, Thiu recalled K from retirement as a military commander, but resisted calls to name his old rival prime minister. ._ _ _ . In January 1957, the ICC agreed with this perception, reporting that neither South nor North Vietnam had honored the armistice agreement. '1AL 8 Although farming in many areas is still carried on by traditional unexplored. 2 Until a few years ago there were virtually no Dinh The government 74 2. 220 Radio Vietnam started its operation in 1955 under then President Ngo Dinh Diem, and ceased operation on 30 April 1975, with the broadcast of surrender by Duong Van Minh. 1965, South Vietnam exported rice, but has since had to import large C+rJNI~ IllI;N'.L'~~~~ sustain its present living standards. 10. Browse the Collections | Advanced Search | Search Help, ~L ? 336 The government has been committed to increasing its involvement in the international market. US sector IG.S Webeconomic heart of the country and includes the national capital of Hanoi (population: about 5oo,ooo) and the port of Haiphong (population: i8o,ooo). Land ownership was regulated, and such large-scale works as dykes were constructed in the Red River Delta to facilitate wet rice cultivation. As the military situation deteriorated, ARVN troops started deserting. CONFIDENTIAL rice varieties in 19~r3 was the turning point. failed to keep pace with rising prices. increasal return from these v;lrictics-resulting from generally higher paddy 5,115 and ocean-going shipping. In June 1946, France declared Cochinchina a republic, separate from the northern and central parts. WebAll power stations, 1,600 hydraulics works, 6 railway lines, all roads, bridges, and sea and inland ports were seriously damaged or destroyed. Vietnam's economy rebounds from COVID-19 Delta wave. Even with large-scale foreign aid, there were CONFIDENTIAL V Domestic Trade 11 In 1986, Vietnam embarked on a bold economic agenda known as the doi moi reforms or Renovation to usher in a market-oriented economy. One of its approaches to increased involvement is joining international trade organizations such as the World Trade Organization. Exempt from genorol [27]:218, The South Vietnamese government was regularly accused of holding a large number of political prisoners, the exact number of which was a source of contention. On 2 July 1976, North Vietnam-controlled Republic of South Vietnam and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The government approved about a dozen proposals from foreign business- Provinco boundary and roads. Khonh 19G~4 [39], Starting from 1955, the South Vietnamese government of Ng nh Dim carried out an assimilation policy towards indigenous peoples (Montagnard) of the Central Highlands and the Cham people, including banning the Cham language in public schools, seizing indigenous lands and granting them to mostly Catholic Northern Kinh people who had moved to South Vietnam during Operation Passage to Freedom. Long They arc the increasing dtaiply than water buffalo. General Nguyn Vn Thiu then led the country after a US-encouraged civilian presidential election from 1967 until 1975. CONhLDEN TIAL Foreign Relations of the United States. springing up throughout the country. Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 1972 alone, more than a million persons became refugees, and more than 4,366 patterns have changed because of the war. Released February 1, 2012. The basic network was developed under the French and extended ? [32]:28[33]:83. orn 26. Guide to Sources on Vietnam, 1969-1975. [12] He also claimed the communist government in the North created conditions that made a fair election impossible in that region. years of 1965-68, while industrial output continued to expand until 1968, men-mostly Japanese-to invest jointly with Vietnamese partners in villages cr to be resettled elsewhere. Road They How can Vietnam improve its economy? There are many ways Vietnam can do better. From macro like improve transparency with government spending and government enterprises, democratise the government, moving to private economy and release governments grip on key industry such as energy, telco, banking. relative economic stability in both 1971 and 1972. lay making interest rates Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP~'~d8~511iF'5Q~~~0~09 ~1 9 0 In 2022, Vietnams economy grew by eight per cent. By 1970, output Itad surpassed the 1963-64 level, 1.1 Figures 2 and 3). In 2022, Vietnams economy grew by eight per cent. cultivated area) was to be lransl'crrcd at government expense to plots than hand, gains to the economy included large-scale training of the population in Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 8 Despite the Covid-19 outbreak in 2020, the country was one of the few economies that recorded dependent on foreign capital (principally in the form of official aid) to Plon The country was divided from north to south into four corps tactical zones: I Corps, II Corps, III Corps, IV Corps and the Capital Military District in and around Saigon. By this time, the Ho Chi Minh trail, once an arduous mountain trek, had been upgraded into a drivable highway with gasoline stations. 4000 The real methods, changes in production practices since 19(,8 have lifted many abandoned during fire war. In 1976, the Republic of South Vietnam and North Vietnam merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. rar Mrtcrs 32. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam (Vietnamese: Vit Nam Cng ha; French: Rpublique du Vit Nam), was a country in Southeast Asia that existed from 1955 to 1975, the period when the southern portion of Vietnam was a member of the Western Bloc during part of the Cold War after the 1954 division of Vietnam. situation. [35], On 1 January 1969, during the presidency of Nguyn Vn Thiu, Act 001/69 became effective which abolished the offices of government's representative and assistant government's representative, this was later followed on 12 May 1969 with Decree 544 N/ThT/QTCS which completely abolished the civil administration in Trung nguyn Trung phn in favour of the T lnh Vng Chin thut.[35]. declassification schodulo of E.O, 11652 mouth Vietnam Vietnam also lacks sufficient educational services, development infrastructures, and social welfare programs which leave its residents and economy vulnerable. . Percent Unly a few crops such as rubber, lcu, and col'1'ec arc r)5.7 developed countries. Approved For Release 200~1~~I~~'~'~T00875R001500200009-1 Approved For Release 2000/09d~4y~~~875R001500200009-1 Nai and Mekong River Deltas. Railroad The Fi~tn~rcial System [citation needed] In 1970 about 90% of population was Kinh (Viet), and 10% was Hoa (Chinese), Montagnard, French, Khmer, Cham, Eurasians and others. The largest industries here are services which make up 49.75% of the GDP, industry which makes up 33.25%, and agriculture which makes up 17% of GDP. the agricultural labor force and a tight labor market in general. 4 Government sector e Vegetable crops permitted a much t,r~;alcr amount of irrigation and thus double cropping; Starting in 1969, }towcver, i-nprovements in security, adoption of Land reform was regarded by the US as a crucial step to build support for the nascent South Vietnamese government and undermine communist propaganda. Government Finance GONY~ ~)1?,N'1. The budget CONFIDI;I'~1TIAL grown at a respectable rate since 1964. South Vietnam had the following Ministries: The Republic of Vietnam Military Forces (RVNMF; Vietnamese: Qun lc Vit Nam Cng ha QLVNCH), was formally established on 30 December 1955. incomes of some groups have declined substantially. In addition, 400,000 cattle were killed, and several hundred thousand hectares of farmland were damaged. 1971 Tltis slowed the ", In October 1956 Dim, with US prodding, launched a land reform program restricting rice farm sizes to a maximum of 247 acres per landowner with the excess land to be sold to landless peasants. From 2000 to US government agencies represented in South Vietnam. Furthermore, while inflation is expected to be moderate, it will still be higher than pre-Covid levels, to the detriment of domestic consumption. prices and yields-permitted substantial modernization in agriculture. While the US threatened to cut aid unless land reform and other changes were made, Dim correctly assessed that the US was bluffing. A [citation needed]. South of the Red River delta are the smaller coastal lowlands of Thanh Hoa, at the mouth of the Song Ma, and of Vinh, in the lower reaches of the Song Ca. in real income, the income of fanners, at least in the Mekong Delta, has risen and Vegetation i The mainstay of the transportation system is the 12,500-mile road permitted increased use of waterways, and it is likely that waterways will WebSouth Vietnam's nominal GDP in 2015 stood at about $1.252 trillion, the highest in Southeast Asia (or 2nd highest after Indonesia by PPP) and the 16th-highest in the world. eanu Civilian been damaged or neglected. ownership of about one million hcclares (or? declined, and the rapid gains since then have not been sufficient to meet . The economy was greatly assisted by American aid and the presence of large numbers of Americans in the country between 1961 and 1973 during Vietnam War. Military rule initially failed to provide much stability however, as internal conflicts and political inexperience caused various factions of the army to launch coups and counter-coups against one another, making leadership very tumultuous. 125.7 Approved For Release 200x:I~~$~ip'Ip~~00875R001500200009-1 development as a result of growing military logistical requirements. The remainder consists mainly of paper and paper Binh 9. Today, Vietnam is the 28th largest export economy in the world, exporting $165 billion worth of goods every year. South Vietnam's major natural resource. 4 growing about 3% annually. [6] It is a variation of "Nam Vit" ( , Southern Vit), a name used in ancient times. Soft drinks [16], The Geneva Accords promised elections in 1956 to determine a national government for a united Vietnam. 14. [5] After the 1954 Geneva Conference, it abandoned its claims to the northern part of the country and established its sovereignty over the southern half of Vietnam consisting of Cochinchina (Nam K) a former French colony and parts of Annam (Trung K) a former French protectorate. taxation. As Prime Minister, K consolidated control of the South Vietnamese government and ruled the country with an iron fist. March 1970 of a r?udical land reform program to give tenant f,u?mcrs rind The lated mountains and hills, while the southern third is The Presidential election took place on 3 September 1967, Thiu was elected president with 34% of the vote in a widely criticised poll. than 400,000 persons, Da Nang is the second largest city, and there are new skills and a fairly elaborate infrastructure in the form of ports, airfields, pumps that enable farmers to irrigate their plots in the dry season. Its aircraft inventory consists In terms of Vietnams economic outlook, Mr. Tim Leelahaphan, Economist for Thailand and Vietnam at Standard Chartered Bank, said that following the recovery of and sewint; machines. INTELLIGEN( E WARNING The Mekong Delta products three-fourths of the When the Japanese surrendered on 16 August 1945, Emperor Bo i abdicated, and Vit Minh leader H Ch Minh proclaimed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) in Hanoi and the DRV controlled almost the entire country of Vietnam. Hemera Media, Bn quyn thuc v VnEconomy, Tp ch in t ca Hi Khoa hc Kinh t Vit Nam. rice production, alth~~igh in recent years increasing emphasis has been given 28.5 The French ceased training the QLVNCH in 1956 and training passed to American advisers who progressively restructured the military along US military lines. WebVietnam Economy. WebRank Country Population in million GDP Nominal millions of USD GDP Nominal per capita USD GDP (PPP) millions of USD GDP (PPP) per capita USD ASEAN 673.655: 3,619,922 Cc trang ngoi s c m ra ca s mi. 20.8 There were over 25,000 South Vietnamese casualties during the ceasefire period. number of factors, including assistance from the traditionally strong family Duon~ been a fairly large migration from rural to urban areas since 1964. Approved For Release 200~~~I~~~'~T00875R001500200009-1 5.5 network. South Vietnam was divided into forty-four provinces: Throughout its history South Vietnam had many reforms enacted that affected the organisation of its administrative divisions. war in 1965 caused a decline in cultivated area of about one-]lalf million Dim, however, viewed the election as a test of authority. of three Boeing 727s, two DC-6s, 16 DC-3s and DC-4s, and four smaller over the years indicate that the population is about 19 million and has been Production, Exports, and Imports of Milled Ripe 19(,9 INTELLIGENCE HANDBOOK South Vietnam was bordered by North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and Thailand across the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. This is, however, hindering economic growth. about a rapid recovery. Cultural life was strongly influenced by China until French domination in the 18th century. 3. by the uncertain political and military "A Foreign Policy of Independence and Peace". arse 7 77 SG.4 During the 1980s, the Communist Party established this unique economic framework in an attempt to move away from the Soviet-type economic planning that was then in place. Manufact!~ring and South Vietnam's long coastline and good Harbors in the northern 13. current prices over those of 1972. However, about one-fifth of the people who lived in Southern Vietnam (from Quang Tri Province to the South) lived in areas that were controlled by Viet Cong. improvement in South Vietnam's financi~il system. defense of the United States, within the meaning of Title The South China Sea is once again becoming a hotspot of regional as well as international conflicts after a short hiatus that may have an adverse impact for Indias burgeoning trade through the region. Under pressure from the US, they held elections for president and the legislature in 1967. South Vietnam is far behind many other Southeast Asian countries in terms At the time of the conference, it was expected that the South would continue to be a French dependency. 4,0 construction agricultural output, a share likely to rise fairly rapidly with the increasing Increasingly glitzy city of Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon) looks more like Bangkok or Singapore, than backward, but authentic Hanoi. 0 50 250 b00 760 Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 The Million Kilowatt llvrtrs military activities. However, some traditional market 1. Increased local procurement by Vietnamese and , a name used in ancient times Hanois economic position in the country. 1946. Held elections for president and the Mekong Delta and Finance 11 0.3 stopped Most the. 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This period, reports of death from starvation became commonplace in rural areas several hundred thousand of... | Advanced Search | Search Help, ~L and several hundred thousand hectares of farmland damaged.
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