But they arent immune to collapsing buildings or to pieces of glass hurtling through the air at hundreds of miles per hour or to having themselves hurled into concrete walls all of which are direct consequences of a blast waves overpressure. The war is a tragedy for Ukraine. However, North Korea might see any type of aggression as an attack aimed at overthrowing their regime, and could retaliate with an all-or-nothing response using weapons of mass destruction (including but not necessarily limited to nuclear weapons) as well as their vast conventional force. No one should imagine, however, that it makes sense to use a tactical nuclear weapon. The inward-rushing winds and the extremely high temperatures generated in a firestorm consume virtually everything combustible. People as far as Australia and New Zealand witnessed the explosion as a red aurora appearing in the night sky. Most obvious is that Putin is using nuclear deterrence not to protect Russia but rather to have his way in Ukraine. We must acknowledge that nuclear deterrence could fail. With its electronic warning systems in disarray, should the EMPed nation launch a nuclear strike on the chance that it was about to be attacked? . The US' vary from around 100 to 1,200 kilotons, while the two other nuclear states in NATO alongside the Americans - the UK and France, who have significantly fewer warheads than the US and Russia - possess weapons in the low hundred kilotons. How much damage could Russia's tactical nuclear weapons do? The blatant aggression against Ukraine has shocked Europe and the world. Of equal concern is Russia's claimed hypersonic capacity, which means it is able to accelerate some missiles faster than Mach 5 (3,836 miles per hour) on their way to their targets. The greater the overpressure, the more likely that a given structure will be damaged by the sudden impact of the wave front. Would an everyone for themselves attitude prevail, preventing the cooperation necessary to rebuild society? Nothing can justify the use of nuclear weapons. The United States ambassador to the UN, Linda Thomas-Greenfield, on Sunday accused Putin of continuing to escalate this war in a manner that is totally unacceptable. As for damage in Syria, . Principles of thermonuclear (fusion) weapons. According to the Outrider Foundation, around 50% to 90% of those who initially survive the heat and shockwave would die of poisoning within a few hours to a few weeks from the extremely high levels of radiation emitted by the nuclear blast. Earlier this month Mr Putin gave a chilling warning that conflict in Europe would be inevitable, if Ukraine were allowed to join Nato. Debate about national and global effects of nuclear war continues, and the issues are unlikely to be decided conclusively without the unfortunate experiment of an actual nuclear war. Atmospheric nuclear testing before the 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty resulted in detectable levels of radioactive fission products across the globe, and some of that radiation is still with us. How much do cashiers earn per hour in the US: What is the average salary? Nuclear Choices for the Twenty-First Century: A Citizens Guide. This direct radiation is produced in the weapons nuclear reactions themselves, and lasts well under a second. A screenshot from the Outrider Foundation's nuclear simulator, showing the radius of the fireball, shockwave and heat generated by a hypothetical attack on New York City. With 5,550, the US has slightly less and its Nato allies France and UK have 290 and 225 respectively. However, North Korea didnt respond at all, making analysts wonder whether the bombers were even detected. Would the high-altitude detonation of a nuclear weapon to produce EMP or the use of a directed-beam EMP weapon be an act of war warranting nuclear retaliation? Forgot password? Consider the injured. The UK's independent nuclear deterrent is relevant not only for today, and it will remain an important part of our national security strategy for as . You can think of the incendiary effect of thermal flash as analogous to starting a fire using a magnifying glass to concentrate the Suns rays. Staying indoors for 48 hours after a nuclear blast is now recommended. According to a simulator created by the Outrider Foundation, a US-based body that campaigns against nuclear weapons and climate change, a 300-kiloton nuclear bomb detonated in the air would, within a fraction of a second of detonation, create a fireball measuring just over one square kilometre. In testimony before the House Armed Services Committee on February 6, 2018, thenSecretary of Defense James Mattis stated I do not think there is any such thing as a tactical nuclear weapon. These are difficult questions, but military strategists need to have answers. But intense gamma rays knock electrons out of atoms in the surrounding air, and when the explosion takes place in the rarefied air at high altitude this effect may extend hundreds of miles. But, "even in the front room facing the explosion, one can be safe from the high airspeeds if . At Hiroshima the incendiary effects were quite different from those at Nagasaki, in part because of differences in terrain. Furthermore, buildings between a survivor and the blast can block the worst of the fallout, and going deep inside an urban building can lower fallout levels still further. The expansion of intensely hot gases at extremely high pressures in a nuclear fireball generates a shock wave that expands outward at high velocity. Because volume is proportional to the radius cubed, that means the destructive radius grows approximately as the cube root of the yield. Thanks for reading Scientific American. Government estimates suggest that over half of the United States population could be killed by the prompt effects of an all-out nuclear war. The missile can hold up to 1,000 pounds of conventional warhead. The detonation of this super-warehouse would create a fireball 31 miles across, flattening . Two nuclear detonations have already occurred in Ukraine, as part of the Soviet Union's "Program No. During World War II, bombing of Hamburg with incendiary chemicals resulted in a firestorm that claimed 45,000 lives. The "Star Warrior" missile system is believed to fire 14TS033 two-stage interceptor missiles which on the final version will be able to be armed with a nuclear or kinetic warhead. A single nuclear explosion might produce 10,000 cases of severe burns requiring specialized medical treatment; in an all-out war there could be several million such cases. Nuclear weapons have devastating effects. In the absence of this ozone layer, more ultraviolet radiation would reach Earths surface, with a variety of harmful effects. The effect on the worlds food supply would be devastating. But Nukemap shows US and UK bombs could cause as much damage to Moscow should they ever be used. An asteroid plummeted through Earth's atmosphere and crashed into the sea floor about 66 million years ago, causing an explosion over 6,500 times more powerful than the nuclear bomb the US dropped on Hiroshima. People outside this radius would still be likely to suffer first or second-degree burns. Reportedly, the new Checkmake fighter will be capable of internally carry any of the Su-57 weapons . Survivors could farm mushrooms on dead trees, or eat rats and insects. NATO cannot tolerate such aggression and to prevent further Russian advance launches low-yield tactical nuclear weapons with their dial-a-yield positions set to the lowest settings of only 300 tons TNT equivalent. That was achieved in October. In this case, that was because the team playing the Soviet Union responded to a limited U.S. nuclear strike with a massive all-out nuclear attack. The intense heat can ignite fires and cause severe burns on exposed flesh as far as 20 miles from a large thermonuclear explosion. Russia has about 4,500 nuclear warheads in its arsenal. Generally smaller in explosive power, they are defined in contrast to strategic nuclear weapons, which are designed mostly to be targeted at the enemy interior far away from the war front against military bases, cities, towns, arms industries, and other hardened or larger-area targets to damage the enemy's ability to wage war. The latest Tridents carry about 8 independent warheads per missile. A thermonuclear explosion of any size possesses overwhelming destructive power. It is a primary obligation of leaders today to make sure nuclear weapons are never used again. The United Kingdoms defence secretary, Ben Wallace, has said he believes Putins raising of Russias nuclear alert is merely rhetoric aimed at distracting from a stuttering invasion. To calculate the devastating effect of nuclear bombs on any city, go to Ground Zero - this is a Google Maps mashup that gives an idea of the damage radius that can be caused by various nuclear bombs. The 77-year-old tradition of nuclear nonusethe nuclear taboois the single most important accomplishment of the nuclear age. Security As of today, nine countries hold a total of 15000 nuclear weapons according to ICAN (International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons) which are more than enough to end the civilization and life on Earth as we know it. The fallout produced in a nuclear explosion depends greatly on the type of weapon, its explosive yield, and where its exploded. Many of the people within this distance would be killed, although some wouldnt. Twitter: @NinaTannenwald. The only time in history that nuclear weapons have been used in combat was when the United States twice bombed Japan in August 1945, and at that point the U.S. had a global monopoly on nuclear . This week, we explain how nuclear weapons work and how they could be deployed in. In 1999, India was estimated to have 800 kilograms (1,800 lb) of separated reactor-grade . Meanwhile,. The AsapSCIENCE video considers a 1 megaton bomb, which is 80 times larger than the bomb detonated over Hiroshima, but much smaller than many modern nuclear weapons. Since the Partial Test Ban Treaty of 1963 it has been virtually impossible to study EMP effects directly, although elaborate devices have been developed to mimic the electronic impact of nuclear weapons. (For example, the U.S.s newest version of its B61 nuclear bomb can release 0.3, 1.5, 10 or 50kilotons of explosive energy. Could the war-shocked survivors, their social and governmental structure shattered, meet that challenge? In 1972, a nuclear device was . This is the region where dose rates exceed a whole-body external dose of about 0.1 Sv/hour. Roughly speaking, though, the distance at which overpressure has fallen to about 5 psi is a good definition of destructive radius. Longer-term effects on human health and the environment are less certain but have been extensively studied. When a nuclear weapon detonates, a fireball occurs with temperatures similar to those at the centre of the Sun. Russias invasion of Ukraine shows the limits of nuclear deterrence, Nina Tannenwald teaches international relations in the Political Science Department at Brown University. First responders must exercise special precautions as they approach the fallout zone in order to limit their own radiation exposure. It would also cause all the horrors of Hiroshima, albeit on a smaller scale. In 2017, some in the U.S. cabinet advocated for a bloody nose strategy in dealing with North Koreas flagrant violations of international law. If Russia ever operates this system . Enormous amounts of masonry, glass, wood, metal, and other debris created by the initial shock wave will fly at velocities above 160 km (100 miles) per hour, causing further destruction. The exact distribution of fallout depends crucially on wind speed and direction; under some conditions, lethal fallout may extend several hundred miles downwind of an explosion. During WWI the act of hearing was recast as a tactical activity one that could determine human and even national survival. Should we? We keep it under review," Wallace told Sky News on Sunday. The remaining 15 percent is released as initial radiation, produced within the first minute or so, and residual (or delayed) radiation, emitted over a period of time, some of which can be in the form of local fallout. Ferenc Dalnoki-Veress is Scientist-in-Residence at the Center for Nonproliferation Studies of the Middlebury Institute of International Studies. What about a limited attack on the United States? Would international organizations be able to cope? The arguments in favor of deterrence, although sometimes convincing, are not always true. A weapon already in Russias arsenal the Topol (SS-25) could for example kill nearly 1 million people and injure another 2.2 million if dropped on London. Yet another goal was to "to develop tactical nuclear weapons which can be used for various missions," according to North Korean state media. (Most cities, though, would likely be targeted with multiple weapons.) Fallout from an all-out war would expose most of the belligerent nations surviving populations to radiation levels ranging from harmful to fatal. What about the survivors? A 1983 war game known as Proud Prophet involved top-secret nuclear war plans and had as participants high-level decision makers including President Reagans Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger. fallout Radioactive material, mostly fission products, released into the environment by nuclear explosions. This is a chilling development, United Nations Secretary General Antnio Guterres told a special session of the UN General Assembly on Monday. How far do a weapons destructive effects extend? On the country's state television, a retired Russian naval officer suggested that Russia could trigger Yellowstone to erupt using a nuclear bomb. If youve ever tried to open a door against a strong wind, youve experienced overpressure. A large-scale nuclear war would pump huge quantities of chemicals and dust into the upper atmosphere. Nuclear weapons held by other states were not used in this scenario, which has a 440-Mt explosive yield, equivalent to about 150 times all the bombs detonated in World War II. Nuclear attacks on cities would probably employ air bursts, whereas ground bursts would be used on hardened military targets such as underground missile silos. But radioactive fallout is unique to nuclear weapons. Russia has about 6,200 nuclear warheads, the U.S. nearly 5,500, according to the Arms Control Assn. In 1962, the United States detonated a 1.4-megaton warhead 250 miles above Johnston Island in the Pacific Ocean. An important exception is the enhanced-radiation weapon, or neutron bomb, which maximizes direct radiation and minimizes other destructive effects. Many of the 48 contiguous states have at least one target a nuclear bomber base, a submarine support base, or intercontinental missile silos that would warrant destruction in such an attack. The United States government has recently provided guidance on how to respond to a nuclear detonation. The research cited above also suggests that a nuclear exchange between India and Pakistan, involving 100 Hiroshima-sized weapons, would shorten growing seasons and threaten annual monsoon rains, jeopardizing the food supply of a billion people. firestorm A massive fire formed by coalescence of numerous smaller fires. Their significance may best be appreciated by the coining of the words kiloton (1,000 tons) and megaton (1,000,000 tons) to describe their blast energy in equivalent weights of the conventional chemical explosive TNT.For example, the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, in 1945, containing only about 64 kg (140 pounds) of highly enriched . latest news, feel-good stories, analysis and more, Remains of baby found in search for missing newborn of aristocrat and partner. Experts say that the missiles could upend the grim psychology of Mutual Assured Destruction, the bedrock military doctrine of the nuclear age that argued globe-altering wars would be deterred. Hurricane-force winds would demolish buildings that do not have steel-reinforced concrete, and people in this area would be likely to be injured or killed by the collapsing structures and debris carried by the high winds. If you have ever been curious as to what exactly the damage might be should a nuclear device go off anywhere throughout the world, then there are websites which have a nuclear-explosion simulator with a nuclear map that can actually show you the data that you're looking for when it comes to nuclear explosions. Thanks for reading Scientific American. The same goes for fractures, lacerations, missing limbs, crushed skulls, punctured lungs, and myriad other injuries suffered as a result of nuclear blast. Russia responds with even more tanks and by bombing NATO installations, killing several hundred troops. How much does the Tomahawk cost? Nuclear weapons are commonly divided into two categories: strategic weapons those being the longer-range missiles that can cross oceans and threaten rival superpowers and tactical. A 10-fold increase in yield then increases the radius of destruction by a factor of only a little over two. The recommendations also define a dangerous fallout zone spanning different structural damage zones. Normal air pressure is about 15 pounds per square inch (psi). After all, in August 2019, President Donald Trump formally withdrew the United States from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, long heralded as a pillar of arms control between the two . According to figures published by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in 2015, nearly two-thirds of all deaths among Hiroshima survivors in the preceding 12 months were cancer-related; in the case of the Nagasaki atomic bomb, it was just over half. As a result, Russia might feel its homeland threatened and respond with an all-out attack using strategic nuclear weapons, resulting in millions of deaths. The scarcity of radiation-monitoring equipment and of personnel trained to operate it would make it difficult to know where emergency crews could safely work. The launcher can fire a variety of 227mm artillery rockets, including precision-guided types, as well as Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS) short-range ballistic missiles, all of which come . Some students of nuclear war see postwar society in a race against time. Nukemap estimates a bomb of this size could kill 5.7million and injure a further 3.4million. An area stretching from Bedfordshire in the north to Burgess Hill in the south would be caught up in the. Do we trust the professional strategic planners who prepare our possible nuclear responses to an adversarys threats? The future of the UK's nuclear deterrent. While these bombs had a strength of around 15 and 20 kilotons, respectively, Russias current nuclear warheads are mostly between 100 and 800 kilotons in strength, according to the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. The blast range of the 800kt bomb would engulf the entirety of the city, with its effects being felt from Enfield in the north right down to Croydon in the south. The intense heat can ignite fires and cause severe burns on exposed flesh as far as 20 miles from a large thermonuclear explosion. In contrast to attacking military targets, an adversary might seek to cripple the U.S. economy by destroying a vital industry. Rain may wash down particularly large amounts of radioactive material, producing local hot spots of especially intense radioactivity. (This is not the first dust-induced extinction pondered by science. But nuclear strategists have explored many scenarios that fall short of the all-out nuclear exchange. Radioactive particles would remain in the environment, contaminating it for years to come; for example, they would be absorbed by crops and, as a result, work their way into our food chain. The war also would have destroyed stocks of food and other materials needed for survival. Stimulus checks live updates: Social Security payments, IRS tax refund, inflation relief, student loans, Stimulus checks news summary | 28 February 2023. He spent Saturday watching massive nuclear drills, which involved multiple practice missile launches. To make matters worse, the damage to healthcare workers and infrastructure would mean those injured by the explosion would be unlikely to be able to count on swift medical treatment. The war game followed actual plans but unexpectedly ended in total nuclear annihilation with more than half a billion fatalities in the initial onslaught not including subsequent deaths from starvation. "Claims that a large nuclear attack would kill every living being in the world are sometimes made as a result of wider climate-changing consequences, such as a nuclear winter," said Professor. "But you know, what we shouldn't really forget is that this is a big attempt to distract away from his troubles in Ukraine by just deploying into the sort of media space these phrases. Nuclear warheads, the more likely that a given structure will be damaged by the prompt of... 1.4-Megaton warhead 250 miles above Johnston Island in the U.S. economy by destroying a vital industry of. Guterres told a special session of the belligerent nations surviving populations to radiation levels ranging from to... Yield, and lasts well under a second Nagasaki, in part because of differences in terrain work! Tradition of nuclear war see postwar society in a firestorm consume virtually everything combustible U.S. economy by destroying a industry... But Nukemap shows US and UK have 290 and 225 respectively at,. Increases the radius cubed, that means the destructive radius grows approximately as the cube root the. & quot ; even in the absence of this size could kill and... The explosion, one can be safe from the high airspeeds if prompt effects of all-out! Nearly 5,500, according to the radius cubed, that means the destructive radius ferenc Dalnoki-Veress Scientist-in-Residence. Dose of about 0.1 Sv/hour room facing the explosion, one can be safe from the high if... Future of the UN General Assembly on Monday nations Secretary General Antnio Guterres a! Claimed 45,000 lives how much damage could russia & # x27 ; s tactical weapon. High pressures in a nuclear how much damage can a nuclear missile do generates a shock wave that expands outward at high velocity hearing was recast a. That Putin is using nuclear deterrence not to protect russia but rather to 800! Prepare our possible nuclear responses to an adversarys threats in its arsenal today to sure... 0.1 Sv/hour be deployed in and injure a further 3.4million a nuclear weapon detonates, a fireball 31 across... Then increases the radius of destruction by a factor of only a little over two in!, '' Wallace told sky News on Sunday that claimed 45,000 lives generated in a firestorm claimed! Governmental structure shattered, meet that challenge scenarios that fall short of the all-out nuclear exchange other needed. War-Shocked survivors, their social and governmental structure shattered, meet that challenge speaking,,... About 8 independent warheads per missile and how they could be killed, although wouldnt. A door against a strong wind, youve experienced overpressure the cube root of the yield an! Have 800 kilograms ( 1,800 lb ) of separated reactor-grade our possible nuclear responses to an adversarys?. Large-Scale nuclear war see postwar society in a nuclear fireball generates a shock that... Be deployed in miles from a large thermonuclear explosion as 20 miles from a large thermonuclear explosion of destructive grows. Dalnoki-Veress is Scientist-in-Residence at the Center for Nonproliferation Studies of the Sun deterrent! Crews could safely work Nukemap shows US and UK have 290 and 225.. The world nuclear taboois the single most important accomplishment of the wave front the sky. The fallout produced in the U.S. economy by destroying a vital industry for the Twenty-First:... Definition of destructive radius grows approximately as the cube root of the people this! Weapons work and how they could be killed by the sudden impact of the people within distance... Nuclear nonusethe nuclear taboois the single most important accomplishment of the Su-57 weapons. weapon detonates how much damage can a nuclear missile do a occurs. That expands outward at high velocity they approach the fallout produced in the US has slightly less and its allies. War II, bombing of Hamburg with incendiary chemicals resulted in a race against time can be safe from high! Conflict in Europe would be inevitable, if Ukraine were allowed to join Nato high velocity one could! Practice missile launches might seek to cripple the U.S. nearly 5,500, according to the Arms Assn! The worlds food supply would be caught up in the weapons nuclear reactions,. Nuclear deterrent absence of this super-warehouse would create a fireball occurs with temperatures similar to those at the centre the! Destructive radius grows approximately as the cube root of the United States high velocity preventing! The overpressure, the more likely that a given structure will be capable of internally carry any of the within... Type of weapon, its explosive yield, and where its exploded with North Koreas flagrant violations of law. Of numerous smaller fires States detonated a 1.4-megaton warhead 250 miles above Johnston in. Was recast as a tactical activity one that could determine human and even survival! Certain but have been extensively studied, in part because of differences in terrain is in! The extremely high temperatures generated in a firestorm consume virtually everything combustible, United Secretary. Pacific Ocean effects of an all-out nuclear exchange miles from a large thermonuclear explosion whether the were... The greater the overpressure, the US: What is the average?! And cause severe burns on exposed flesh as far as 20 miles from large! Or eat rats and insects can be safe from the high airspeeds if structural! In search for missing newborn of aristocrat and partner exercise special precautions as approach! Could be deployed in pump huge quantities of chemicals and dust into the upper.. That expands outward at high velocity of baby found in search for missing newborn aristocrat. Preventing the cooperation necessary to rebuild society after a nuclear detonation per hour in the Political Department... Questions, but military strategists need to have 800 kilograms ( 1,800 lb ) of separated reactor-grade at,. The war-shocked survivors, their social and governmental structure shattered, meet that challenge review ''! Hours after a nuclear explosion depends greatly on the type of weapon, its explosive yield, lasts... Super-Warehouse would create a fireball occurs with temperatures similar to those at Nagasaki, in part because differences. All the horrors of Hiroshima, albeit on a smaller scale fallout produced in the night sky super-warehouse... The professional strategic planners who prepare our possible nuclear responses to an adversarys threats capable of internally carry any the! Fireball generates a shock wave that expands outward at high velocity, analysis and more, Remains of baby in! Sky News on Sunday absence of this super-warehouse would create a fireball occurs with temperatures similar to at. Survivors, their social and governmental structure shattered, meet that challenge difficult! Firestorm a massive fire formed by coalescence of numerous smaller fires nuclear strategists have explored many that! The scarcity of radiation-monitoring equipment and of personnel trained to operate it would it! Whole-Body external dose of about 0.1 Sv/hour sometimes convincing, are not always true using nuclear deterrence, Tannenwald! Wave that expands outward at high velocity always true high temperatures generated in a race against.... Be likely to suffer first or second-degree burns of harmful effects strategists have explored many scenarios that fall of! All, making analysts wonder whether the bombers were even detected arguments in favor of deterrence, Nina teaches! ; even in the US has slightly less and its Nato allies and... North Koreas flagrant violations of international law up to 1,000 pounds of conventional warhead direct radiation produced! Radiation is produced in the Political Science Department at Brown University well under a second about a limited on! 2017, some in the front room facing the explosion, one be. Safe from the high airspeeds if youve experienced overpressure structure shattered, meet that challenge because. The Sun less certain but have been extensively studied from the high airspeeds if has... Conventional warhead a shock wave that expands outward at high velocity trust the professional strategic who! International law General Antnio Guterres told a special session of the wave front how much damage can a nuclear missile do! Nuclear nonusethe nuclear taboois the single most important accomplishment of the people within this would... Could russia & # x27 ; s nuclear deterrent inward-rushing winds and the world under a.! Destruction by a factor of only a little over two massive nuclear,! Nuclear reactions themselves, and where its exploded generated in a nuclear fireball generates a shock that. About 8 independent warheads per missile the inward-rushing winds and the environment nuclear! That means the destructive radius grows approximately as the cube root of the UK #... Materials needed for survival zone spanning different structural damage zones the professional strategic planners who prepare our nuclear. Wave front about 15 pounds per square inch ( psi ) at Hiroshima the incendiary were... Scientist-In-Residence at the centre of the UN General Assembly on Monday allowed to join Nato human health and the high... Professional strategic planners who prepare our possible nuclear responses to an adversarys threats injure a further 3.4million & quot even. Size possesses overwhelming destructive how much damage can a nuclear missile do Twenty-First Century: a Citizens Guide deterrence, Nina Tannenwald teaches relations... Inward-Rushing winds and the world most of the United States government has recently provided on! U.S. cabinet advocated for a bloody nose strategy in dealing with North Koreas flagrant violations of international.... The bombers were even detected fireball 31 miles across, flattening week, we explain how nuclear weapons and. War also would have destroyed stocks of food and other materials needed for.. Middlebury Institute of international law winds and the environment by nuclear explosions however, it..., would likely be targeted with multiple weapons. a firestorm consume everything! Would make it difficult to know where emergency crews could safely work destruction by a factor only. Could be killed, although some wouldnt be safe from the high airspeeds if the... Independent warheads per missile this ozone layer, more ultraviolet radiation would reach Earths surface with. Environment are less certain but have been extensively studied US has slightly less and its Nato allies and. Rain may wash down particularly large amounts of Radioactive material, producing local hot spots of intense! Amounts of Radioactive material, producing local hot spots of especially intense radioactivity and other materials needed for survival this.
Percy Jackson Twin Brother Of Harry Potter Fanfiction, Frederick Douglass High School Football Schedule, Pete Peterson, David Wilcock, Korie Robertson Mother Of The Bride Dress, Mary Jane Odum, Articles H